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  2.1 Consumer Involvement Definition : Consumer involvement is the level of concern or interest a consumer exhibits during the purchase process, influenced by financial, social, physical, and psychological risks. Types of Involvement : Low Involvement : Routine purchases with minimal effort (e.g., buying groceries). Example: Regularly buying toothpaste without researching brands. High Involvement : Decisions requiring research due to high risks or cost (e.g., buying a car or house). Example: Evaluating multiple models and brands before purchasing a car. Factors Affecting Involvement : Personal Relevance : A product that aligns with an individual’s needs or values. Example: A fashion enthusiast investing time in choosing a trendy outfit. Financial Risk : Higher involvement when the purchase involves significant expenditure. Example: Buying a house. Social Risk : Concern about social judgment. Example: Choosing an elegant dress for a wedding. Physical Risk : Impact on health or safe...

  1. Introduction to Disintermediation : Traditional Marketing Distribution System : Involves multiple middlemen: Manufacturer, Carrying and Forwarding Agents, Super-stockists, Distributors, Dealers, Wholesalers, Retailers, and Consumers. Middlemen play a crucial role in ensuring the product reaches the consumer. Technological advancements have led to a decline in the reliance on these intermediaries. Disintermediation : Refers to eliminating or reducing the number of intermediaries in the supply chain. This shift has been driven by advancements in information technology, distribution channels, and logistics. 2. Pros and Cons of Middlemen Distribution System : 2.1 Pros : Time Utility : Products are available when the consumer needs them. Place Utility : Products are accessible at local retail stores. Assortment : Wide variety of products available. Credit Facilities : Some middlemen offer credit to consumers. Employment Opportunities : Middlemen provide jobs in the distribution sys...

  1.1 परिचय (Introduction): Disintermediation का मतलब है बीच के मध्यस्थों (middlemen) को दूर करना या उनकी संख्या को कम करना। Traditional marketing system में, एक product manufacturer से लेकर consumer तक पहुँचने के लिए कई intermediaries का role होता है, जैसे कि Carrying and Forwarding Agents (CFA), Super-stockiest, Distributors, Dealers, Wholesalers, Retailers, आदि। ये सभी middlemen होते हैं जो product को consumer तक पहुँचाने का काम करते हैं। लेकिन, technology के advancement के साथ, disintermediation का concept आया, जिसमें middlemen को कम या eliminate किया गया है। 1.2 मध्यस्थ वितरण प्रणाली के फायदे और नुकसान (Pros and Cons of Middlemen Distribution System): फायदे (Pros): समय की सुविधा (Time Utility): Middlemen ensure करते हैं कि product consumer को उस समय मिले जब उन्हें जरूरत हो। फॉर्म की सुविधा (Form Utility): Product को consumer की चाह के अनुसार provide करते हैं (packaging, customization)। मार्केट जानकारी (Market Information): Middlemen manufacturers को market trends और consume...

  Human Resource Management (HRM) – Hindi-English Mixed Explanation 1. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Human Resource (HR) किसी भी संगठन का एक अहम resource होता है. कह सकते हैं कि "90% business लोग होते हैं". HR एक competitive advantage create करता है और इसको manage करना challenging task है क्योंकि HR एक ऐसा resource है जो सोच सकता है और decisions को question कर सकता है. HR के बिना कोई भी संगठन अपनी full potential तक नहीं पहुँच सकता क्योंकि हर employee के पास अलग-अलग needs, personalities और ambitions होते हैं. जब कोई employee संगठन का हिस्सा बनता है, तो वह अपने साथ एक पूरी personality और package लेकर आता है, इसलिए लोगों से निपटना HRM का बहुत critical task बन जाता है. 1.1 DEFINING HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (HRM) Pande और Basak के अनुसार, "Human Resource Management एक strategic और coherent approach है जो organization के सबसे valuable asset - लोगों का management करता है." Armstrong के हिसाब से, "HRM एक strategic approach है जो लोगों को manage ...

  1. Introduction to Human Resource Management (HRM) Human Resource is one of the most crucial resources in an organization. HR helps create competitive advantages in the market. Managing HR is challenging as it is the only resource capable of reasoning, questioning decisions, and allocating tasks. Each employee brings a unique personality, set of needs, and ambitions, making HR management critical. 1.1 Defining Human Resource Management (HRM) • Pande and Basak: HRM is a strategic and coherent approach to managing an organization’s most valuable asset—its people. • Armstrong: HRM is a strategic approach to managing people who are crucial for achieving organizational goals. • Dessler: HRM involves acquiring, training, appraising, compensating employees, and addressing labor relations, health, safety, and fairness. • Glueck: HRM focuses on the effective use of people to achieve both organizational and individual goals. 1.2 Features of HRM • Appreciating Asset: H...

  1.0 Introduction Financial Management एक ऐसा विषय है जो academic और practical, दोनों क्षेत्रों में बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है। Academics के लिए ये interesting इसलिए है क्योंकि ये विषय evolving है और अभी भी कई topics पर disagreement है। Practitioners के लिए ये इसलिए important है क्योंकि financial decisions किसी भी business के सबसे critical decisions होते हैं। Financial management से practitioners को theoretical और logical आधार मिलता है जो उन्हें बेहतर decisions लेने में मदद करता है। 1.1 Scope of Finance हर organisation के तीन महत्वपूर्ण हिस्से होते हैं : Production ( उत्पादन ) Obtaining Capital ( पूंजी जुटाना ) Selling Products/Services ( उत्पादों या सेवाओं को बेचना ) Finance activity का मतलब है : पूंजी जुटाना। उस पूंजी को ऐसी जगह लगाना जहां से returns ( लाभ ) मिले। Assets: Tangible Assets : जैसे मशीन...

  1.0 INTRODUCTION Importance: Financial management is crucial both in academics (due to its evolving nature) and for practitioners (as it aids in making significant business decisions). Purpose: Provides theoretical and logical frameworks for effective financial decisions. 1.1 SCOPE OF FINANCE Key Aspects: Production: Using capital to produce goods/services. Obtaining Capital: Acquiring funds through stocks, bonds, loans, or retained earnings. Selling Products/Services: Using funds to market and generate returns. Assets: Tangible Assets: Physical items (e.g., machinery, land). Intangible Assets: Non-physical items (e.g., patents, know-how). Capital Raising & Investments: Financial Securities: Stocks, bonds, debentures for raising capital. Borrowing: Loans from banks and financial institutions. Investment: Allocating funds to ac...