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  1. Introduction to Human Resource Management (HRM) Human Resource is one of the most crucial resources in an organization. HR helps create competitive advantages in the market. Managing HR is challenging as it is the only resource capable of reasoning, questioning decisions, and allocating tasks. Each employee brings a unique personality, set of needs, and ambitions, making HR management critical. 1.1 Defining Human Resource Management (HRM) • Pande and Basak: HRM is a strategic and coherent approach to managing an organization’s most valuable asset—its people. • Armstrong: HRM is a strategic approach to managing people who are crucial for achieving organizational goals. • Dessler: HRM involves acquiring, training, appraising, compensating employees, and addressing labor relations, health, safety, and fairness. • Glueck: HRM focuses on the effective use of people to achieve both organizational and individual goals. 1.2 Features of HRM • Appreciating Asset: H...

  1.0 Introduction Financial Management एक ऐसा विषय है जो academic और practical, दोनों क्षेत्रों में बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है। Academics के लिए ये interesting इसलिए है क्योंकि ये विषय evolving है और अभी भी कई topics पर disagreement है। Practitioners के लिए ये इसलिए important है क्योंकि financial decisions किसी भी business के सबसे critical decisions होते हैं। Financial management से practitioners को theoretical और logical आधार मिलता है जो उन्हें बेहतर decisions लेने में मदद करता है। 1.1 Scope of Finance हर organisation के तीन महत्वपूर्ण हिस्से होते हैं : Production ( उत्पादन ) Obtaining Capital ( पूंजी जुटाना ) Selling Products/Services ( उत्पादों या सेवाओं को बेचना ) Finance activity का मतलब है : पूंजी जुटाना। उस पूंजी को ऐसी जगह लगाना जहां से returns ( लाभ ) मिले। Assets: Tangible Assets : जैसे मशीन...